Author: Paul Axton

Paul V. Axton spent 30 years in higher education teaching theology, philosophy, and Bible. Paul’s Ph.D. work and book bring together biblical and psychoanalytic understandings of peace and the blog, podcast, and PBI are shaped by this emphasis.

Understanding McGilchrist Through Paul, Hegel, and Lacan

Iain McGilchrist in The Master and His Emissary, in his approach to left brain/right brain theory, presumes “each hemisphere is involved in everything” but nonetheless he argues there is a predominant form of thought attached to the different spheres of the brain.[1] It is not that there are absolute differences or that the two spheres of the brain are not continually interdependent, but this does not mean that there are not necessary differences. Afterall, as he points out, “every known creature with a neuronal system, however far down the evolutionary tree one goes, and however far back in time, has a system that is asymmetrical.” This raises the question of his research, “Why on earth would that be, given that the world they are interacting with is not asymmetrical?”[2] This asymmetrical world shows up continually in “subject versus object, alienation versus engagement, abstraction versus incarnation, the categorical versus the unique, the general versus the particular, the part versus the whole,” with either the objective and impersonal or the subjective and personal, tending to win out.[3] What I demonstrate throughout is that the categories in which McGilchrist sets his dichotomies (between the two hemispheres) easily convert to the Pauline differentiation between law and Christ with the “incarnation” overcoming “alienation” in the “particular life” of a “singular” man in which the antinomies posed by the two hemispheres, or simply by life, are overcome. I also make the case that the completion of McGilchrist’s theory, the ultimate right-brain synthesis, lies in a particular theological understanding toward which his theory points. Throughout the second half of the book he describes two forms of thought or two ways of “being” reflected in the brain and the mind, one of which I argue, culminates in Hegel’s notion of “absolute knowledge” in and through Christ.

The “master” is supposed to be the brain’s right hemisphere, which is the side most connected with the holism of personhood, as it relates vitally, and humanly to the world, taking in what is “new” without concern for objective closure. The left hemisphere is focused on detail and analysis, and rather than connecting to living things, tends to focus on the static and lifeless, on machines, numbers, and abstractions, and while both sides of the brain are involved in language, the left brain tends to reify the word. Rather than recognizing the metaphorical, emotional, and integrating role of language (connected to the right hemisphere), in the left hemisphere there is rejection of the metaphorical for the literal, and a rejection of the personal for the impersonal. The left brain is the organizing bureaucrat which is all about procedure, organization, predictability, abstraction (decontextualization), and which has no room for uniqueness. Justice, in this realm, is not a sense of making things right so much as making everything equal. In this realm, “Increasingly the living would be modelled on the mechanical.”[4] Production, speed, scale, and quantity are the focus, and not quality. Those “with schizoid or schizotypal traits will be attracted to, and be deemed especially suitable for, employment in the areas of science, technology, and administration” which have become the shaping forces of our time.[5]

Ideally the master or the right side of the brain is served by the left side of the brain, but there is a tendency in history and in the individual to cut short this integrating holism and to become focused on dissecting the details as an end in itself. Modernity, with its focus on scientism, industrialization, mechanics, materialism, information processing, or perhaps a neuro link in which the machinery is inserted directly in the brain, demonstrates how the servant can usurp the role assigned by the master.

As with illness or brain damage, there is a general trend for the left brain to close in on itself and to shut out the world beyond its own projections:

But what if the left hemisphere were able to externalise and make concrete its own workings—so that the realm of the actually existing things apart from the mind consisted to a large extent of its own projections? Then the ontological primacy of right-hemisphere experience would be outflanked, since it would be delivering, not ‘the Other’, but what was already the world as processed by the left hemisphere. It would make it hard, and perhaps in time impossible, for the right hemisphere to escape from the hall of mirrors, to reach out to something that truly was ‘Other’ than, beyond, the human mind. In essence this was the achievement of the Industrial Revolution.[6]

The mirror stage in Lacanian psychoanalysis can become terminal, in its focus on the self, to the exclusion of all else. Rene Descartes is a key example of one who turns to focus on his own thought, attempting to get at the “thinking thing” behind the thought, dissecting, isolating, refusing the body, and focused completely on interior thought. His philosophical focus follows the pattern of modernity, and betrays the same characteristics of (new) forms of mental illness which would arise in this period. In Pauline terms one is enclosed and isolated in the sinful orientation to the law.

One might extend McGilchrist’s theory to suggest a left-brain theology and atonement as well, in which Christ is made to serve the law and his death makes up for any lack or failure in regard to the law, with the law defining and determining Christ. The sickness of the left brain, the bureaucratic disease that would achieve perfection and power seem perfectly illustrated by Pharisaical Paul: one can be a perfect Jew and keep the law blamelessly (Philippians 3:6), which Christian Paul explains, was what made him the chief of sinners (I Tim. 1:15). Power through language or law presents the possibility of a limited whole which can be manipulated, but to maintain this realm it is necessary that it be complete in itself. The tendency is to see all of reality, even God and Christ, as constituted in a closed space, so that there must be an obstacle, warding off the right brain or warding off the limited nature of language and law. In McGilchrist’s description this gives rise to violence and in the case of Paul it accounts for his arresting and killing Christians. The letter, or primary attachment to Scripture and law, functions as an obstacle, killing off the unlimited vagaries of the spirit, in the Pauline sense (2 Cor. 3:6).

Rather than an embodied and social language (as in Wittgenstein) the tendency is toward a disembodied Platonism, Cartesianism, or legalism. In a Lacanian sense the symbolic order becomes a realm unto itself, with language taking the predominant role over the imagination, reducing the ego to an object. The symbolic register is the organizing center – the possibility of a subject. The “obstacle cause of desire” is the impossible desire of a desiring self. That is, one is blocked from achieving the desired object and this creates the frustrated agon, that for Lacan is the very definition of the human subject. In Paul’s picture, one serves the law, and imagines law is an end in itself, and there is a basic confusion between God and the law, which is inherently alienating. Paul describes an irresolvable split within himself (Rom. 7:15). This Pauline bilateralism within the ego is reflected in McGilchrist’s picture of how it is that we become an obstacle to ourselves. The left brain cuts off the integrating powers of the right brain in the same way the law cuts off from the person of God or the absolute personal reality of Christ.

The work of Christ, is to suspend the law, sublating or suspending while also preserving and fulfilling. Through Christ Paul escaped the delimited world of the law as in Christ the law is delimited (pointing beyond itself), and human brokenness is not a failure in regard to the law, but the failure, and incompleteness of the law as a guide. Christ does not complete human obligations in regard to the law, but suspends the punishing effects of a defective orientation to the law.

The fact that McGilchrist uses the Pauline word describing the suspension of the law in Christ (aufgehoben) indicates that imposing a Christian or Pauline understanding is not foreign to his project. He uses the word in the context of the Hegelian synthesis, in which Hegel deploys Luther’s translation of Paul’s καταργηθῇ, which is a suspension of the punishing effects of the law and its simultaneous preservation. The right brain cannot function apart from the left brain but at the same time it tends to pose an obstacle to its integrating powers. Christ is recognized through the law, through Judaism, through the Scriptures, but taken as their own end these are an obstacle to Christ. The ill effects of sin are when the emissary is thought to be the master. The sin condition, which is a misorientation to the law or a reification of the law, amounts to something like the obstacle the left brain often poses to the right brain. One cannot get rid of the law, any more than function with half a brain, but the ill effects of the law can be suspended in Christ (while the law and Judaism are preserved).

By the same token, it is not that a more holistic (right brain) Romanticism abolishes the Enlightenment or that any particular age is a complete departure from the one that preceded. McGilchrist specifically sights the Hegelian synthesis to express the full integrating power of the right brain. “The movement from Enlightenment to Romanticism therefore is not from A to not-A, but from a world where ‘A and not-A cannot both be true’ is necessarily true to one where ‘A and not-A can both hold’ hold (in philosophical terms this becomes Hegel’s thesis, antithesis – synthesis).”[7] Elements of the Enlightenment are found in Romanticism, just as elements of the Hebrew Scriptures frame understanding of Christ. This synthesis found in Christ is precisely not supersessionist or anti-nominalist, though in the thought world of the left brain and the law this must necessarily be the case.

As Jordan Wood notes, Hegel distinguishes two kinds of thinking: there is finite thinking in which antinomies such as subject/object (along with all of the Kantian antinomies) hold as the one always implies and depends upon its opposite and this “permanent opposition” is definitive of the terms.[8] In Lacan and Žižek’s Hegel, this antagonism and ultimate negativity (death drive) is what gives the appearance of truth and a human Subject. Truth inheres in a lie and the subject arises as a result of this power of negation. In McGilchrist’s definition, this would be the ultimate left-brain materialism and sickness (which Žižek would acknowledge in his notion that the best we can do is “enjoy our symptom”).

Jordan provides a more orthodox reading of Hegel: “Infinite or “rational” thinking is thinking in itself—or better, thinking thinking itself—since here the thinking subject and the object thought are one, and are directed to an inward identity that brooks no definite term.”[9] Hegel has in mind the divine Subject and his thought, shared in Christ, in which there is a move from finite to infinite thinking. As Jordan describes, the theological picture of Hegel’s “knowing” is not the finite but an infinite ground, both subjective and objective. In the subjective, “human reason ‘from below’ is in truth God’s self-knowing “from above” as the Spirit in us.” The objective ground is “God’s Incarnation as a single human individual establishes the conditions for intuitive certainty that the divine nature is such that it can communicate its entire identity as the concrete oneness of abstract opposites, of the infinite and the finite, subject and object, etc.—and this communication is also the form of speculative logic.”[10] This integrating unity of the knower and the known is Hegel’s “absolute knowing,” the goal and means of his “speculative thinking.” That is, this absolute is not closed but open to continual speculation, incorporation, and synthesis.

McGilchrist describes a left-brain failure in theology – reification of the word, focus on the book or the letter as opposed to the integrating factors of the right brain. He argues, the Reformation is a refusal of the metaphorical, and in this the Reformation preserves the Enlightenment rejection of the mysterious and a turning of the imagination to the word. “In their search for the one truth, both movements attempted to do away with the visual image, the vehicle par excellence of the right hemisphere, particularly in its mythical and metaphoric function, in favour of the word, the stronghold of the left hemisphere, in pursuit of unambiguous certainty.”[11] There is a loss of a sense of the “real presence” of Christ in “an endlessly repeated and deferred” symbolism, devoid of its signified. Though he does not explicitly connect the fulness of the right brain with the person of Christ, he does note the “real presence is displaced by a sign, “re-presentations not presentations.”[12]

Where the Greek and Hebrew logos or the law is an entity apart from God, the incarnation enfleshes the Word – which seems unthinkable in the left-brain world. The incarnation of the Word is the ultimate synthesis which personalizes all things and which demands an infinite openness to the new, the unique, and the different. The Word is not that which reduces to sameness but it preserves difference. As long as the left brain, the law, or the symbolic order is predominant, subject-object opposition, bilateralism, dichotomy, dualism, or what Hegel refers to as finite knowing, are clearly in place. Synthesis, integration, or participation in the Word does not obliterate difference but it passes beyond, not through sameness or obliteration of difference, but through recognition that God has made himself available to thought. This Hegelian picture of the role of Christ seems to be the natural implication toward which McGilchrist’s theory points.

For McGilchrist, perhaps in the spirit of Maximus or Origen, we are cocreators, in many senses, of the world we inhabit, as our understanding or perception is shaped by our perspective, our theory, our hypothesis, or even the apparatus of the brain through which we apprehend but this this means of apprehending is not neutral but is itself shaped by our thought. That is there is continual feedback between the mind and brain, and it may be impossible to separate the interplay between the two. McGilchrist recognizes that his theory may serve only as a metaphor, which floats free of cerebral hemispheres, and point to two ways of being in the world. As he puts it,

If it could eventually be shown…that the two major ways, not just of thinking, but of being in the world, are not related to the two cerebral hemispheres, I would be surprised, but not unhappy. Ultimately what I have tried to point to is that the apparently separate ‘functions’ in each hemisphere fit together intelligently to form in each case a single coherent entity; that there are, not just currents here and there in the history of ideas, but consistent ways of being that persist across the history of the Western world, that are fundamentally opposed, though complementary, in what they reveal to us; and that the hemispheres of the brain can be seen as, at the very least, a metaphor for these.[13]

His work is pointing to the primacy of metaphor, connectedness, and synthesis, so he is content if his work serves this purpose. The Christological conclusion, which he does not name but which seems a natural extension of his work, is the Personalism of Hegelian Christology.

Afterall, it is the refusal of the primacy of the personal, of narrative, of metaphor, of openness, that describes the human disease. Only in brain damaged patients, or those who suffer mental illness, can it be said the physical brain is controlling thought but what can be seen in these instances (such as autism or schizophrenia) is the trend which McGilchrist sees as characteristic trends of modernity; narrow focus, reification of language, and depersonalization, but these are precisely the symptoms Paul describes as entrapment to the law. In Christian terms, the disease is addressed and cured in the Person of Christ, as the personal depth of creation, and participation in personhood open up the left-brain to infinite knowledge and synthesis of the right-brain.

[1] Iain McGilchrist, The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Modern World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2019) Thank you to Jim for acquiring this book for me.

[2] Ibid, 2.

[3] Ibid, 462.

[4] Ibid, 430.

[5] Ibid, 408.

[6] Ibid, 386.

[7] Ibid, 353.

[8] Jordan Wood, “Hegel as Alexandrian Christian: Or, Against False Piety,” from his Substack: Words in Flesh, Sep. 3rd,2025. This wonderful piece just appeared as I was writing.

[9] Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline [Enc hereafter], Part I: Science of Logic. Translated and Edited by Klaus Brinkmann and Dnaiel O. Dahlstrom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 [1817]), 28. Cited in Wood.

[10] Ibid, Wood.

[11] McGilchrist, 315.

[12] Ibid, 317.

[13] Ibid, 461.

A Conversation on Why I Am a Christian

Jessica: What’s ur biggest reason for believing Jesus is the way. The most compelling reason for believing jesus is the best.[1]  

Paul: Meaning!

Jessica: Can you Elaborate!

Paul: You ask for the “biggest reason” and so I use the word “meaning” in the broadest sense. Personal meaning is either partial, absent, or wrongheaded apart from the depth of meaning in Christ. We can find all kinds of meaning apart from Christ, and that may be good or bad or indifferent. Meaning in work, family, or even a variety of religions may give us personal satisfaction. Perhaps our skill at sports, or art, or some other area provides levels of meaning. But these will remain partial apart from a broader ground of meaning. For many, there is no meaning, and Christ is the entry point into meaning. For others, they may find meaning in the military or the mafia or a false religion, but this is the wrongheaded sort of meaning.

Beyond personal meaning but tied to this is just the possibility of meaning in the areas of philosophy, linguistics, and semiotics. Meaning systems derive from a meaningful ground and these various explorations of meaning systems ultimately find their possibility in Christ. Philosophical nihilism, pragmatism, phenomenology, etc. have the same issue as personal meaning. They may be good but incomplete, or wrong and dangerous, or they may simply conclude there is no meaning. So, the term can be applied in every area. No area of human endeavor is complete in itself, though every area may be good or bad, but will always remain partial. Of course, this is not a coercive meaning to be foisted onto us personally, scientifically, or philosophically, but it is like the word itself. It is there to be grasped and to lead us on a journey, but it is not insistent or fear inducing. Like meaning, Christ is healing, completing, and fulfilling. This is my humble attempt at the “biggest” reason.

Jessica: So, the fact that there is meaning at all convinces you of Gods existence?

Paul: I prefer meaning. This is not to say that meaninglessness is not also convincing. Most days I ward off the nihilism, the evil, the cruelty, or the seeming meaninglessness of everything. On these days or these small snippets of time, you might say I am “convinced” of God’s existence. But that does not sound exactly right. I am committed to meaning, to living a meaningful life, to being loving, and to the beauty and goodness of the universe which entails God, but my personal capacity for belief or being convinced is not very great. I feel I can make the moral commitment to the Truth (just the possibility of truth in the Truth) without being personally inclined toward a strong sense of conviction. I am well acquainted with a lack of personal spiritual devotion, with doubts and disbelief, but my own proclivities are not the point. I have never considered either my capacity for belief nor my tendency toward doubt as primary. Belief is no great accomplishment, and to think it is, is the problem in imagining doubt is determinative of salvation or moral engagement. The focus on individual belief misses the New Testament meaning of faith, which does not refer to my faith but to Christ’s faithfulness, of which I can partake. I have no faith in my faith or in faith in general, but the faithfulness of Christ is salvific. Saving, not in the sense of going to heaven and missing hell, but in the sense of delivering from bondage: bondage to my capacity, my thought, myself and the values of my culture.

This is a form of belief and of being convinced, but it is not the form in which we usually discuss these things. Most are thinking of historical and scientific proofs, but this will only lead to the endless need for more and stronger proof. Belief and faith are largely moral commitments that engage us more holistically than typical proofs. I am full of doubt, but this doubt is not the kind that many may find so disturbing, as my faith embraces doubt as part of the reality in which I believe.

The doubt that many have, is grounded in an ultimate trust in reason, in which there is no room for doubt. Thus, apologetics must be airtight. The Bible must be inerrant. Tradition cannot contain fallacy. Doubt is not part of the possibility of this form of faith. Undeniable philosophical arguments and the absolute historical trustworthiness of the texts is required. This foundationalism and Biblicism is focused on rationalism or Scripture rather than Christ. It trusts the authority of history and reason more than Christ. This sort of foundationalism has displaced Christ with reason, Scripture, history, or some other authority as foundation.

Jessica: I think I understand, but you are saying too much too quickly. I have been reading Sam Harris and he has many convincing proofs that Jesus never existed and that God does not exist.

Paul: Sorry, my wife tells me I overcomplicate things.

The issue is not between different sorts of meaning or levels of meaning, but whether there is meaning or no meaning. The new atheists, such as Sam Harris, like fundamentalists, liberals, and modernists of every stripe presume a foundation of meaning and this is their starting point. One can use this foundation to argue for the inerrancy of the Bible, the truth of secular humanism, the self-contained truth of science, or basic principles (“I Think”, there is cause and effect”) or whatever, but all share the modernist foundation. The way in which they build upon this presumed philosophical rationalism varies, but they all share the modern rationalist presumption of a given meaning. This presumed foundation is a parasite on the meaning set forth in Christianity, but it is incorrect (in its atheistic, fundamentalist, and liberal manifestation) in that its imagined meaning floats free of the person of Christ.

Jessica: I have started reading David Bentley Hart’s Atheist Delusions.

Paul: Excellent! Hart quickly and accurately debunks the New Atheists.

I prefer a more hard-core atheism, such as that of Slavoj Žižek, who recognizes the construct of meaning (and self) are easily deconstructed. As a true atheist, he does not argue on the basis of meaning, but he makes the case that beneath the structure of “self” is the reification of language which fabricates the self (and meaning) through the interplay of language – on the order of the Cartesian cogito (“I think therefore I am”). Žižek is Cartesian, not because he believes Descartes is correct in his foundationalism, but because he considers the Cartesian error or lie, the basis for “truth.” That is, there is no Truth, but only the lie which gives rise to truth. This is a better understanding of the choice with which we are faced. True nihilism and atheism do not hold to meaning of any sort, other than that which can be fabricated.

So, I prefer meaning as opposed to no meaning. I prefer love, beauty, and goodness as opposed to hatred and evil, and this entails the world revealed by Christ.

Jessica: But what about the contradictions in the Bible?

Paul: The focus of the Bible is not on itself or its own authority, but it is a witness to the authority of Christ.The founding premise of Scripture is set forth by John: “No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, He has exegeted Him” (John 1:18). The revelation of Christ precedes and makes possible the writing of the New Testament and the formation of the canon of Scripture. There would be no Scripture apart from its formation around the work of Christ. It is not just that Christ precedes Scripture, but faith in Christ (the “rule of faith”) precedes and is the means of exegeting Scripture (and in particular was the early church’s means of incorporating the Hebrew Scriptures into the Christian canon of Scripture). This means that the reality of Christ not only precedes Scripture, but precedes the unfolding political and cultural realities of our day.

The primacy of Christ implies an exegetical method which is not primarily historical, literal, or attached to a book. That is, if we take this passage (John 1:18) literally, this means the rest of Scripture must fit this fact. The primacy of Christ is the means of Scripture and its interpretation, and apart from this primacy the letter is bent in every direction (e.g., Jesus the warrior, the upholder of national and cultural interests). The Old Testament is filled with conflicting images, which if given equal weight (and literality), displace the literal fact of Christ as exegete. Christ brings together the sign and signified, enfleshing meaning, such that to make Scripture the foundation of meaning is to set the sign afloat, separating it from it from its signified. A biblicism or sola scriptura which does not recognize Scripture as derived from Christ has taken images of violence and warfare, images of sacrifice and law, or simply interpretations of history, and imagined that Christ must be made to accommodate this order. The images of God in the Bible (Old and New Testaments), require the Gospel, require that all of the Bible be read in the light of faith in Christ.

As Origen put it, “If you want to understand, you can only do so through the Gospel.” The Gospel (Jesus Christ) makes the Bible the Word of God for each of its contemporary readers. The analogy of faith, or the rule of faith or, to say the same thing, the Gospel, is a hermeneutic or interpretive lens which unveils the meaning of the Hebrew Scriptures (among many other things). As Paul explains to the Corinthians, “Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures” (I Cor. 15:3-4). Paul is referencing the only Scriptures he knew, the Hebrew Bible. Apart from these events in the life of Christ, it would be hard to locate such things in the Scriptures, but given the reality of the life of Christ, the Scriptures become a means of understanding these events and these events unveil the meaning of Scripture. Christ is a revelation which inspires Scripture, and this revelation constitutes the center of Christian thought. Apart from this center, it is not clear Christian thought survives. Apart from Christ there is no Bible, there is no authority, there is no meaning, but only a bundle of contradictions. In light of Christ, the contradictions do not completely disappear but they are relatively unimportant in light of the fulness of meaning revealed in Christ.

Jessica: I think I am beginning to grasp some of what you are saying, but have you written anything that might help?

Paul: I will recommend a few of my blogs, which I have referenced above and which expand on the topic.[2]

(Sign up for the class Human Language, Signs of God: using Anthony Bartlett’s two books, Theology Beyond Metaphysics and Signs of Change, as one continuous argument.  The course will run from 2025/9/16 to 2025/11/4. Register here: https://pbi.forgingploughshares.org/)

[1] This question arose through messenger and continued on the phone, and I have taken liberties with how it unfolded and have changed the name of the inquirer, but it is based in reality.

[2] Here is a piece on reading Scripture through Christ and the Gospel https://forgingploughshares.org/2025/02/06/the-scriptures-gospel-and-the-exegesis-of-jesus/ I have done several on Hermeneutics. This one is on Origen’s approach: https://forgingploughshares.org/2022/09/22/the-peaceful-hermeneutic-of-origin-the-end-of-deicide/ As is this one: https://forgingploughshares.org/2024/11/07/finding-the-center-in-the-midst-of-despair/

Practical Universal Salvation Through the Church

The disconnect from and justification of the blatant evil in Gaza by many American Christians reveals the dark side of a faith, apparently open to genocide.[1] Rather than heightening empathy and taking up the cause of defenseless women and children and a starving population, could it be the faith enables support of mass slaughter, as it did in previous colonizing tendencies? The forced resettlement and genocide carried out on the American native population (in the name of America as the new Zion) is being repeated and consciously embraced in modern Christian Zionism, or simply evangelical or Christian nationalist sensibilities. The incapacity to recognize annihilation cannot be “deserved,” no matter the evil that may have been perpetrated or the “practical necessities,” demonstrates not only a mental but a moral failing. The question is, how is it that the Christian faith, as it is commonly practiced in this country, has become a force for evil?

Jesus Confrontation with Evil is Displaced by Legal Theories of Atonement

While there is probably no singular reason, what is clear is that Christianity as the defeat of evil has been displaced with a religion focused on individual salvation and legal justification, allowing evil to run its course. Rather than seeing the cross as a defeat of Satan and the inauguration of the reign of Christ over evil, the satanic is left undisturbed. This church is not a counter kingdom deploying the nonviolent ethics of Jesus in his reign over evil, but is a waiting room for saved souls. There is a complete disconnect between the cross and the kingdom, as the work of the cross provides legal benefits rather than constituting a real-world defeat of evil. The captivity to sin, death, and the devil, is not addressed in legal theories of the atonement, and the the cross is emptied of its kingdom purposes.

This is evident in such theories as Christian Zionism, premillennialism, and dispensationalism (see here), but all of these theories arose in the vacuum created by legal theories of atonement such as penal substitution and divine satisfaction, which displaced the New Testament understanding that Christ releases from captivity to sin, death, and evil. Legal theories deal in the theoretical realm of imputed righteousness, and what is lost is the need for a kingdom of atonement, a counter kingdom to the kingdoms of this world, in which a people can be shaped and redeemed in a practical sense (rather than in a legal or theoretical sense). The embodied, social, and practical nature of redemption means salvation is corporate and by definition a community of practice, but legal theories fragment salvation into the particular, the individual, and the disembodied, leaving aside political and social practice. Where salvation is not real-world redemption, evil is a practical necessity to participate in the politics of the kingdoms of this world. Christians are taught they must be violent, they must participate in the killing machine of nation states, as the practical necessities of this world demand wielding the sword. Enemies must be excluded and slaughtered, not loved and ushered into the kingdom. The evil of the world is too great to lay down the sword.

Sin is Participation in a Counter-Kingdom

What is missed in this worldly Christianity is that sin is participation in a kingdom. The kingdoms of this world are in rebellion against God and in league with evil, not in some abstract legal sense, but in the deadly sense of being willing to destroy the other. Salvation and safety require that the stranger, the foreigner, the enemy, be excluded, and when they encroach on “our land” or presume they can gain citizenship in our country they must be taught a lesson. Crosses outside the city, walls of exclusion, Alligator Alcatraz’s, ice agents in masks, will save us from being the door mat of the world. Where the church is a universally open kingdom, and for this reason is not a kingdom of evil, the kingdoms of this world are exclusive and this exclusion is definitive of the kingdom of sin.

While we might refer to the church as a “spiritual kingdom,” what is meant by spiritual has come to mean not embodied or practiced, and thus is a means to not love the enemy, to not turn the other cheek, or to refuse taking up the cross. These are “spiritual” and other worldly and not meant for kingdoms of practice. In other words, sin is rebellion against God (not just weakness or sensuality), a defiant will to power, in which we would live from our resources, from our strength, from our kingdom, and not God’s. Spiritualizing the commands of Jesus and his kingdom is one way to remain good citizens of the kingdom of sin.

To continue to bow to the “god of this world” and submit to the idolatry of Mot (the god of death) the realm of this aeon must maintain its integrity as a kingdom unto itself. It cannot be perceived as a counter-kingdom, dependent upon separation, rebellion, and alienation from God. The demonic servitude, evident in pro-genocide policies, can endure only where the power of the cross is evacuated by refusal to recognize the monstrous evil all serve in the kingdoms of this world. Sin is dismissed as “error” or “weakness” or “legal guilt” and the demonic delusion Christ exposed and defeated is allowed to continue.

To transfer our allegiance out of the kingdoms of darkness into the kingdom of Christ, we have to recognize Christ, the Lord of history, has defeated the principalities and powers. The old aeon of sin continues, but the reign of Christ has begun, which is not to say it is the consummate kingdom but it is the inaugurated kingdom of the new age (now and not yet). The reign of God in Christ is a present reality in which new birth, heavenly citizenship, new creation, resurrection life, is entry into this kingdom. Where legal atonement theory can hardly be connected to the kingdom, Christ’s defeat of evil can only be understood in a kingdom context. Exodus is not only for ancient Israel, but the cross means all are released from bondage to the Pharaohs of this world through serving a new King and kingdom.

Jesus is the Presence of His Kingdom

The passage from John the Baptist to Jesus, is from one of preparing for the kingdom to announcing the kingdom has come. “The time has come, . . . the kingdom of God is near. Repent and believe the good news!” (1:15). Jesus “went throughout Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the good news of the kingdom, and healing every disease and sickness among the people” (Matt 4:23). In Paul’s view Christ has undertaken “an administration suitable to the fullness of the times, that is, the summing up of all things” (Eph 1:10). This administrative summing up is not a delayed or future reign. As Jesus says, “The kingdom of God has come upon you” (Matt 12:28; Luke 11:20).

According to Leslie Newbigin, “If the New Testament spoke only of the proclamation of the kingdom there could be nothing to justify the adjective “new.” The prophets and John the Baptist also proclaimed the kingdom. What is new is that in Jesus the kingdom is present.”[2] “Jesus came into Galilee announcing the good news of God and saying, ‘The time is fulfilled, the reign of God is at hand: repent and believe the good news'” (Mark 1:14-15). Jesus proclaims the message of the kingdom and he does the work of the kingdom as in him the kingdom is dynamically active and present.[3] He said, “If I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God has come upon you” (Matt. 12:28). He casts out demons, and this is the sign that Satan is bound: “Or how can anyone enter the strong man’s house and carry off his property, unless he first binds the strong man? And then he will plunder his house” (Matt 12:29). As Paul describes, “For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work; only he who now restrains will do so until he is taken out of the way” (2 Thess 2:7). This is enacted at the cross, “Now judgment is upon this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out. “And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to Myself” (John 12:31-32). 

In addition to casting out demons and binding Satan, the third mark of the presence of the kingdom are the miracles of Jesus. Jesus replied to John the Baptist’s question about the coming Messiah, “Go back and report to John what you hear and see: The blind receive sight, the lame walk, those who have leprosy are cured, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, and the good news is preached to the poor” (Matt 11:4-5).  These are signs the kingdom of salvation has come: the healing of the blind points to Jesus power to heal spiritual blindness; the healing of the lame means Jesus can heal spiritual disability; the healing of leprosy testifies Jesus can purify; the healing of the deaf shows Jesus can penetrate obtuseness and deception; and the raising of the dead demonstrates Jesus’ power over death and the capacity to give life. This sign points to Jesus’ resurrection and the resurrection already available in Christian baptism (Rom 6:1). According to John (in Revelation 20), the resurrection from the dead has already occurred, and we need not wait on the millennium. According to Paul, we have already been raised up and made alive together with Christ (Eph 2:6; Col 2:12-13; 3:1).

Matthew provides a fourth indicator of the presence of the kingdom in his record of Jesus answer to John: “the good news is preached to the poor” (Matt. 11:5). The good news of the promised kingdom is specifically for the poor, the broken, and the enslaved (Is 61:1). A fifth sign of the kingdom, also predicted in Isaiah (as well as Jer 31:34; Mic 7:18-20; Zech 13:1) is the forgiveness of sins: “The people who dwell there will be forgiven their iniquity” (Is 33:24–Is 34). Jesus heals the paralytic to demonstrate he can forgive sins: “‘But so that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins’—He said to the paralytic, ‘I say to you, get up, pick up your pallet and go home’” (Mk 2:10–11).

The sixth mark of the kingdom’s presence was Jesus new teaching about its internal realization: “The kingdom of God does not come with your careful observation, nor will people say, ‘Here it is,’ or ‘There it is,’ because the kingdom of God is within you” (Luke 17:20-21). To say it is internal does not, of course, exclude its corporate and embodied nature. His is a spiritual kingdom in that it is not the nationalistic kingdom Israel expected – a caution to those who would equate Christ’s kingdom with territorial or material kingdoms. As Paul says, “The kingdom of God is not a matter of eating and drinking, but of righteousness, peace and joy in the Holy Spirit” (Romans 14:17).[4]

Universal Salvation Through the Church

As Newbigin sums up, in Christ “we are talking about the reign and the sovereignty of God over all that is, and therefore we are talking about the origin, meaning, and end of the universe and of all human history within the history of the universe.”[5] The Bible describes the blessing of all nations, not just one, and the completion of God’s purposes in all of creation and not just some part, as the history it records is bringing all of creation and history to its divine end. The body of Christ is the means of an all-inclusive salvation: “there is one body and one Spirit—just as you were called to one hope when you were called—one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all” (Eph 4:6).

According to Sergius Bulgakov, “One should not diminish the ontological significance of this unity by transforming it into merely a figure, a simile: like a body or similar to a body. On the contrary, the apostle speaks precisely about one body (Eph. 4:4–6), in direct relation with the unity of God. The Church is not a conglomerate, but a body; and, as such, it is not quasi-one, but genuinely one, although this unity is not empirical, but substantial, ontological.”[6] The unity increases in and through God as it “grows with a growth which is from God” (Col 2:19). It is the realization of the ontological unity of the Trinity, the experience of the foundation of creation experienced in the perfection of creation. This unifying work has no limit: “Christ is the head of humankind and therefore lives in all humankind.”[7] Bulgakov ties this universality directly to the church: “The Church is the general foundation of creaturely being, its beginning and goal. The problem of the Church is posed here outside of historical concreteness, outside of the limits of space and time, outside of specific church organizations.”[8] There are no limits to the church mystically or ontologically, anymore than there are limits to the incarnation: “the incarnation of the Lord as the divine-human person of Christ consisted in the assumption of the whole Adam, “perfect” humanity. There are no limits to this assumption, either external or internal.”[9]

Christ is the goal of all humanity, and thus all humanity “belongs to the Church.” The good tidings are for “all people” (Luke 2:10–11) and the salvation is “before the face of all people: a light to lighten the Gentiles and the glory of thy people Israel” (vv. 30–32). “The grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men” (Titus 2:11). God “will have all men to be saved, and to come unto the knowledge of the truth” (1 Tim 2:4). Those who would limit the number or who would divide the means, contradict the identity of Christ. There are no limits to the Logos’ assumption of humanity (“becoming flesh,” in John 1:1) or limits to the Holy Spirit. As Peter says on the day of Pentecost, quoting the prophet Joel, ‘it shall come to pass in the last days, I will pour out of my Spirit upon all flesh’” (Acts 2:17). The “whole universe belongs to the Church. The universe is the periphery, the cosmic face of the Church.”[10] To put a limit on the work of Christ, by means of Israel or an institutional church, or to imagine the purposes of God can be delayed or thwarted by human means, or that God is only concerned with some of creation or some people is to refuse the “all in all” work of Christ.

Conclusion

How does the kingdom of God come if not in the incarnation? If it is dependent upon physical and political Israel, or on the kingdoms of this world, it will come through killing, (killing Palestinians, starving their children, killing their doctors, destroying their water, blowing up Iranians, assassinating nuclear scientists, committing murder mayhem and bloodshed). Christians who reject the cross as the reign of God demonstrate their worldly citizenship in their commitment to violence. Christians who follow Christ practice the way of the cross, not by putting people on crosses but by taking up the cross, knowing this is the cosmic reality unfolding in His millennial kingdom.

[1] There is no possible debate about the facts, or about the use of the term genocide, as this is the term chosen by two Israeli human rights organizations and by multiple Israelis. The New Yorker this week cites Moshe Ya’alon, former defense minister under Netanyahu calling it “ethnic cleansing.” Omer Bartov, a leading historian of the holocaust and a veteran of the 1973 Yom Kippur war, says what is happening in Gaza is not a war but “genocide” – “it is the attempt to wipe out Palestinian existence in Gaza.” Ehud Olmert, a former Prime Minister of Israel, says “What we are doing in Gaza is a war of devastation: indiscriminate killing of civilians. He calls it war crimes.” He says, “It is not a few bad soldiers, but government policy knowingly, evilly, maliciously, irresponsibly dictated.” Two hundred and fifty former officers in the intelligence establishment, including three ex-chiefs of Mossad, signed an open letter of Protest. A thousand Israeli Air Force veterans signed a letter describing it as a useless political and personal ploy. 

[2] Lesslie Newbigin, The Open Secret: An Introduction to the Theology of Mission (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.,1978) 44.

[3] See Kim Riddlebarger, A Case for Amillennialism: Understanding the End Times (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2013) 122.

[4] I am following Riddlebarger, 122-124.

[5] Nebigin, 32

[6] Sergius Bulgakov, The Bride of the Lamb (p. 258). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Kindle Edition.

[7] Bulgakov, 261.

[8] Bulgakov, 265-266.

[9] Bulgakov, 266.

[10] Bulgakov, 267.

Is Christian Zionism Worthy of the Name of Christ?

Christian Zionists do not see the images of skeletal corpses of Palestinian children who have starved to death as a curse but as fulfillment of prophecy. They do not see the slain families gunned down at food hubs as a war crime but as the work of God. They do not look at the savage bombing and shelling that kill or wound dozens of Palestinian civilians, where an average of 28 children die daily, as anything extraordinary but as a step closer to Christ’s return. They do not see the wasteland of Gaza, pulverized by bombs and methodically being torn down by bulldozers and excavators, leaving virtually the entire population of Gaza homeless, as barbaric but necessary. They do not see the destruction of water purification plants, decimation of hospitals and clinics, where doctors and medical staff are often unable to work because they are weak from malnutrition, as savage but as a step closer to the kingdom. They do not blink at the assassinations of doctors as well as journalists, 232 of whom have been murdered for trying to document the horror. Christian Zionists, like the Jewish Zionists they support, have blinded themselves morally and intellectually. They view the genocide through the lens of a bankrupt media, a bankrupt theology and a political class that tells them only what they want to hear and shows them only what they want to see.[1]

There was a time when dispensationalism in the lineage of Cyrus Scofield (and the Scofield Reference Bible), and popularized by Hal Lindsey and Tim LaHaye seemed dismissively silly. Lindsey’s inventiveness, finding in Revelation “supersonic jet aircraft with missiles … advanced attack helicopters … intercontinental ballistic missiles with Multiple Independently Targeted Re-entry Vehicles tipped with thermonuclear warheads … biological and chemical weapons, aircraft carriers, missile cruisers, nuclear submarines, laser weapons, space stations and satellites” is as creative as any fiction, accounting for book sales in the tens of millions.[2] But Christian Zionism has become the majority voice in American politics and is the enabling force behind Israel’s genocidal slaughter of Palestinians, so what one believes about the millennium is deadly serious.[3] Ironically, Christian Zionism preceded and nurtured development of Jewish Zionism,[4] and from its inception has been more Israel centered than Christ centered as Israel takes precedent and is the means of understanding Christ.[5] The innovators of this method have, from the beginning, taken liberties in interpreting Scripture with no precedent in the New Testament or the early history of the church.

For example, where the New Testament and the early church saw Christ alone as the unifying hermeneutic, Scofield argued his dispensational hermeneutic recovers a harmony, otherwise lacking in Scripture. He “recovers the harmony,” by “distinguishing the ages” creating divisions never before detected in Scripture. Thus, the Jews in the fourth dispensation only needed to “abide in their own land to inherit every blessing” and turn down the law. According to Scofield, “The Dispensation of Promise ended when Israel rashly accepted the law (Ex. 19:8). Grace had prepared a deliverer (Moses), provided a sacrifice for the guilty and by divine power brought them out of bondage (Ex.19:4); but at Sinai they exchanged grace for law.”[6] “The Dispensation of Promise” ended when Israel rashly accepted the law (Ex. 19:8). To make a divide before and after the cross he concludes, “The mission of Jesus was, primarily, to the Jews … The Sermon on the Mount is law, not grace … the doctrines of grace are to be sought in the Epistles not in the Gospels.”[7] Christ and the beginning of the Gospels, clearly set forth Christ as a new beginning (Mark 1:1; John 1:1), yet Scofield ignores this division, placing Jesus’ life and ministry within the dispensation of the Law. In his opinion, the Lord’s Prayer and the Sermon on the Mount are not for Christians and are not applicable to the church.[8] Dispensationalists insist that those who do not divide Scripture according to their divisions are not “rightly dividing the word.” According to Dwight Pentecost, “scripture is unintelligible until one can distinguish clearly between God’s program for his earthly people Israel and that for the Church”[9] and the only way to follow God’s program is to follow dispensationalist divisions. The ethics of Christ, the teaching of Christ, the life of Christ, must be set aside as part of the law. In other words, Scofield’s divisions (as arbitrary as they are), not Christ, make sense of Scripture.

The premillennial dispensationalist hermeneutic presumes Christ failed to establish his kingdom, failed to bind Satan and defeat evil at his first coming, so he must return to complete this unfinished work, but before he can come back, according to variations in the theory, Israel must return to its homeland, may or may not convert to Christianity, and may or may not be aligned with either God or the devil. Either way, the New Testament hope of the immanent return of Christ must await the unfolding of current events surrounding Israel. Ethics, theology, salvation, and world history, are centered on historical events surrounding Israel, while Christ plays a secondary role (permanently or for now, depending on the theory), so that “blessing Israel” is determinant of salvation (in a mangled reading of Genesis 12:3). “A Christian Zionist,” according to Louis Hamada, “is a person who is more interested in helping God fulfill His prophetic plan through the physical and political Israel, rather than helping Him fulfill His evangelistic plan through the Body of Christ.”[10] The work of Christ is made subordinate to the manipulation of political Israel, supposedly fulfilling prophecy enabling the return of Christ. The details of how this may work, have endless variations, and may change week by week, indicating the primary focus is on what God is doing now through Israel, and not on what he has done through Christ.

At an ethical and humanitarian level killing Palestinians for Christ is blasphemous but Christian Zionist theology puts Israel over Christ, not only in its subversion of Christian ethics, but in its twisting of Christian salvation. In the explanation of Dale Crowley, “They have one goal: to facilitate God’s hand to waft them up to heaven free from all the trouble, from where they will watch Armageddon and the destruction of planet earth.”[11] The literal and futurist interpretation, despite Paul’s identification of Christians with the true children of Abraham (e.g., Gal. 3:7), requires a separation between the Church and the Jews (the “chosen people”) and two means of salvation.

The saving focus is not in Christ’s first coming but in his second coming, in which he will rapture believers into heaven, but this cannot happen until Israel is gathered into its homeland and the Temple is rebuilt. In Covenant Premillennialism, there is at least a relation between the church and Israel but in the various versions of Dispensationalism God has an eternal plan for Israel and an eternal plan for the church, and the twain need not meet.[12] This blatant misteaching revolves around a single chapter in Revelation (chapter 20) and devolves to the meaning of a single word: millennium.

Millennium or a thousand years appears only three times outside of Revelation 20,[13] but it is only in Revelation 20 that there is mention of a thousand-year reign: “they will be priests of God and of Christ and will reign with Him for a thousand years” (20:6). The premillennial and dispensationalist reading is a “literal” future reading, taken from this most figurative and allegorical of books. However, this “literal” reading is highly selective, with few believing horses will be the main transportation in heaven, and Jesus will return on a horse with a sword clenched between his teeth, and he will be accompanied by a posse of horse mounted angels, and they will carry a massive chain so as to lock up Satan in a deep hole. That is “literal” is a misnomer, except in regard to the length of the thousand years. But what all premillennialists agree upon is that this thousand year period, in which Satan is bound and Christ’s kingdom is inaugurated, has not yet happened. They argue Satan is not bound and the death of Christ has not impacted his reign, in spite of the fact that the New Testament directly connects the death and resurrection of Christ with the defeat of Satan and the kingship and kingdom of Christ. That is the millennium is a reference to the age ushered in by Christ and the church in which the work of evil is delimited, and it is a “thousand years” as this is symbolic of completeness.[14]

Paul describes sin as a fearful slavery from which Christ defeats and frees us (Ro. 8:15). As Hebrews puts it, he freed “those who through fear of death were subject to slavery all their lives” (Heb 2:15). The manner that this was accomplished was through Christ’s death: “that through death He might render powerless him who had the power of death, that is, the devil” (Heb. 2:14). It was on the cross that “he gave himself” (Gal. 1:4, 1 Tim. 2:6; Tt. 2:14), that he might rescue, ransom, and redeem from the power to which men have been given up. The power that killed Christ is exposed, and the death-dealing of the world and the ruler of this world are defeated in Christ: “Now judgment is upon this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out. “And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to Myself” (John 12:31-32). John puts it succinctly, “The reason the Son of God appeared was to destroy the devil’s work” (I John 3:8). At the opening of Revelation Jesus holds “the keys of death and Hades” (Rev. 1:18). Presumably the one who holds the keys to death has taken control of what was formerly under Satan’s power. As Paul says in Ephesians, “He put all things in subjection under His feet” (Eph. 1:22). Christian Zionists would nullify this reality.

Jesus, in his healing ministry, says he has bound Satan. He casts out demons, and this is the sign that Satan is bound: “Or how can anyone enter the strong man’s house and carry off his property, unless he first binds the strong man? And then he will plunder his house” (Matt. 12:29). It is in this context, failing to recognize Christ’s defeat of Satan, that Jesus introduces blasphemy of the Holy Spirit: “Therefore I say to you, any sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven people, but blasphemy against the Spirit shall not be forgiven” (Matt. 12:31). They suppose he does these things by the power of the Beelzebub, but Jesus asks, “How can Satan cast out Satan? If a kingdom is divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. If a house is divided against itself, that house will not be able to stand. If Satan has risen up against himself and is divided, he cannot stand, but he is finished!” (Mark 3:23-26). Here in Mark, he also equates missing this with blasphemy against the Holy Spirit: “Truly I say to you, all sins shall be forgiven the sons of men, and whatever blasphemies they utter; but whoever blasphemes against the Holy Spirit never has forgiveness, but is guilty of an eternal sin” (Mark 3:28–29). Jesus declares he has bound Satan. He has “put the finger of God upon him,” and this means the kingdom of God has come upon you (Luke 11:20). With the sending out of the seventy Jesus declares, “I saw Satan fall from heaven like lightning” (Luke 10:18). Jesus came to “proclaim release to the captives” as he reads from the scroll of Isaiah, and says, “Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing” (Luke 4:21). Jesus clearly teaches Satan has been bound by his ministry. Revelation speaks of a loosing of Satan (or a lengthening of the chain that binds him); could it be that this occurs where Christians blasphemy the Holy Spirit and void the work of Christ, by dividing the kingdom (between the church and Israel) focusing on events surrounding Israel?

Revelation portrays the slain Lamb (Jesus Christ raised from the dead), as having defeated evil and reigning over the world: “And I saw between the throne (with the four living creatures) and the elders a Lamb standing, as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth” (Rev. 5:6). Through Jesus’ death and resurrection the reign of God on the earth is established (in Rev. 4:1–8:1). The point of Revelation is how to endure devastation without being defeated by Satan: “And they overcame him because of the blood of the Lamb and because of the word of their testimony, and they did not love their life even when faced with death” (Rev. 12:11). By means of His death and resurrection and then in their witness, Christians are made a kingdom of priests who reign upon the earth (Rev. 5:10). “Now the salvation, and the power, and the kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren has been thrown down, he who accuses them before our God day and night” (Rev. 12:10). The dragon, that serpent of old has already been cast down in defeat, due to the testimony and blood of the martyrs and the “blood of the Lamb” but where the power of the cross is obscured the chain binding Satan is loosed. The implication is that where the message of Christ is perverted Satan continues to reign.

The genocide in Gaza is the clearest of signals that Christian Zionism is not only a bankrupt form of the faith, but spawned by the worst form of evil. This is not the Christianity of Christ or the New Testament, but is anti-Christ in its opposition to the ethics of Christ and the salvation Christ offers in His defeat and reign over evil. To answer the question of the title: Christian Zionism is not worthy of the name of Christ, but identifies the enemy Christ came to defeat.

[1] Referencing Chris Hedges report on Israel and Gaza, but substituting “Israelis” with “Christian Zionists,” brings home the evil being perpetrated in the name of Christ by premillennial, dispensationalist, and Zionist Christians. Chris Hedges, “The Gaza Riviera,” The Chris Hedges Report, July 26th, 2025. Thank you Jonathan for opening this to me.

[2] Hal Lindsey, The Apocalypse Code, (Palos Verdes, California, Western Front, 1997) 36. Cited in Stephen R. Sizer, The Promised Land: A Critical Investigation of Evangelical Christian Zionism in Britain and the United States of America since 1800 (PhD Dissertation at Middlesex University, 2002) 128.

[3] The list of prominent Christian Zionists is now beyond enumerating, but include most every prominent Republican politician and such prominent Christians as Franklin Graham, Pat Robertson, John Hagee (the founder of Christians United for Israel (CUFI)), and Mike Huckabee.

[4] See Donald M. Lewis, A Short History of Christian Nationalism: From the Reformation to the Twenty-First Century (Downers Grove: Intervarsity Press, 2021). Robert O. Smith, More Desired than Our Owne Salvation: The Roots of Christian Zionism (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

[5] As made clear by Robert Smith (even in the title of his book).

[6] The New Scofield Study Bible, (New York, Oxford University Press, 1984), fn. 1, p. 20. Cited in Sizer, 120.

[7] Scofield Bible, 989. Cited in Sizer, 120.

[8] Sizer, 120-121.

[9]Dwight Pentecost, Things to Come, (Findlay, Ohio, Dunham, 1958), 529. Cited in Sizer, 126.

[10] Louis Bahjat Hamada, Understanding the Arab World, (Nashville, Nelson, 1990), 189. Cited in Sizer, 15.

[11] Dale Crowley, ‘Errors and Deceptions of Dispensational Teachings.’ Capital Hill Voice, (1996-1997), Cited in Sizer, 18.

[12] Apocalyptic Dispensationalism, Messianic Dispensationalism, and Political Dispensationalism offer variant interpretations but are agreed on the key facts surrounding Israel.

[13] In Psalm 90:4 and twice in II Peter 3:8. See Russell Boatman, What the Bible Says About the End Times (Joplin: College Press, 1980) 74-84. I am utilizing Boatman throughout this section.

[14] “As seven mystically implies universality, so a thousand implies perfection, whether in good or evil [AQUINAS on ch. 11]. Thousand symbolizes that the world is perfectly leavened and pervaded by the divine; since thousand is ten, the number of the world, raised to the third power, three being the number of God [AUBERLEN].” Jamieson, R., Fausset, A. R., & Brown, D. (1997). Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible (Vol. 2, p. 598). Logos Research Systems, Inc.

The Unity of Creator and Creation in Christ-Consciousness: A Meditation on Rowan Williams and Gillian Rose

The incarnation means there is no gap between the finite and infinite, such that the ordinary is on a continuum with the eternal. Feeding the hungry, providing a drink to the thirsty, clothing the naked, visiting the prisoner, involves eternity: “Truly I say to you, to the extent that you did it to one of these brothers of Mine, even the least of them, you did it to Me” (Matt. 25:40).  This is not hyperbole. God is not a discreet object, an intrusion, or something beyond. God is in history, in the finite, in the “mundane.” Due to our distinctions between “the natural and the supernatural” we may think ordinary life, outside those special religious moments in prayer or church, are not adequate for the spiritual. Salvation, after all, is often conceived as departure rather than an embrace of the immediate reality, such as sharing a cup of water. We are prone to miss the spiritual in the ordinary and pass over reality in imagining it lies beyond, but there is no creature closed off from its Creator or one moment closed off from the eternal as the one depends upon the other, just as the Son relates to the Father. Reality is not discreet stuff contained in consecutive space and time but is a relational interdependence, in which the part is dependent upon the whole and the whole is in and through the parts, and in which Christ is holding all things together. Like Christ his disciples are to hold things together as mediators of order, bringing unity out of chaos, peace out of violence, care out of indifference, quenching thirst, hunger, and loneliness.

The problem which bad reflection and bad theology pose is to introduce conceptual distinctions into reality, such that the ultimate or absolute is beyond and the finite is only itself in distinction from the infinite. As Rowan Williams argues: “there is no ‘alterity’ – no sense of ‘one and then another alongside’ – between Creator and creation, between Word and humanity in Jesus; just as there is no ‘one and then another’ in the relation between Father and Son. In neither context can we talk about items that could be added together.”[1] Life is often a striving beyond itself (definitive of death) while eternal life is immediate. There is a harmonious whole in the relation between Father and Son poured out upon all things through the Spirit. The priority of deity over humanity does not mean they are discreet, anymore than the Father and Spirit are discreet. 

Creation is most fully itself, just as the Son is most fully himself, in relation and dependence: “the fully responsive and radically liberating dependence that is the filial relation in the divine life is the ground of all created dependence on the Creator, and so the logic of creation includes a natural trajectory towards this kind of life-giving responsiveness.”[2] The goal and ground of creation, as realized in the Son, is participation in Trinitarian life, but this participation is not beyond the finite, as if finitude were an incapacity. God is knowable in the Son, within finite capacities, as God has poured himself out in the Son by the Spirit, so he is present in human ways by human means, offering a drink, offering food, offering himself, to be known and loved in human ways.

Christ, the heart of creation, is not beyond creation but its center, so uncreated love, uncreated understanding, uncreated knowledge, as exercised in the Word, are opened to creatures made for eternity. However, unity with God is attained in a particular finite context. Just as Jesus comes in a particular context, so he finds us in history and time. It is not by escaping or transcending the context of createdness, but by coming to the fullness of the historical, the physical, the humanness that eternity is mediated.

The obstruction of sin, cuts off eternity in time and Christ reconciles us to this confluence. There is an opening to creation, as Christ restores or heals the broken relation, not only with God, but with reality. Createdness is an opening to the infinite as the discreetness, the alienation, the separation, the loneliness, are overcome in relatedness. The unity of the subatomic with the organic and the organic with the social and the social with the spiritual are part of a field, a form of consciousness. There is no gap to be bridged but the removal of the false obstacle is the coherence of Christ.

The convergence of visible and invisible is in and through the unifying head: “For by Him all things were created, both in the heavens and on earth, visible and invisible . . . He is before all things, and in Him all things hold together. He is also head of the body, the church; and He is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead, so that He Himself will come to have first place in everything” (Col. 1:16–18). This headship is inclusive of consciousness, of shared experience, of life in the Spirit, which participation in the body under the head entails, but it is realization of the infinite (consciousness) through immanence. The infinite does not transcend the finite in the sense that the finite annuls the infinite, or the infinite annuls the finite; they are interpenetrating.

God, taken as a discreet object, reduces to a mysterious transcendence in which ignorance passes for knowing the infinite as absence. As Gillian Rose notes in her meditation on Hegel, “If the infinite is unknowable, we are powerless. For our concept of the infinite is our concept of ourselves and our possibilities.”[3] God brings coherence out of chaos and this coherence is itself knowing God. Ironically, the insistence on absolute distinction between the finite and infinite, between God and the world, between the knowable and unknowable, is posited by consciousness. A consciousness which would only relate to an unknowable infinite, or which depends upon the unknown, grounds knowing in the negative.[4] In this manner Kant saved his rational foundation. The Kantian or modern notion of the infinite would separate it from the finite and sensuous, making the infinite utterly different and exterior. As Rose points out, “it is deprived of all characterization, and hence turned into an empty abstraction, an idol, made of mere timber.”[5]

In this hollowing out of the infinite is a “hallowing of a finitude that remains as it is” and the relations of domination, violence, exploitation, are legitimized.[6] To bring together the finite and the infinite, the domination of human reason must give way. God, the infinite, participates and enjoys creation as a fit dwelling, and the ethical infinite expressed in Christ is made an actually existing ethical finite. In other words, the Sermon on the Mount takes precedent over the particular laws of any place. There is an infinite ethical imperative that disrupts commitment to the infinitizing of human ethics and will.

We can only fall silent about God apart from Christ, but this knowing in Christ is not apart from creation, or apart from ethics, or apart from the normal. We can see the Father in Christ (John 14:9) and more. By partaking of the divine nature in discipleship, enacting Trinitarian life, taking up the cross, it is not as if God appears alongside the self or the world. God does not disrupt creation or personhood, but orders and opens it as the place of his indwelling. There is a unity of consciousness in which opposition between thought and its objects, the finite and infinite are dissolved, as consciousness takes on the unifying wholeness of the Head.  

[1] Rowan Williams, Christ the Heart of Creation (p. 218). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.  

[2] Ibid.

[3] Gillian Rose, Hegel Contra Sociology, (New York: Verso, 2009) 48.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Ibid, 104.

[6] Ibid, 105.

Seventy-seven-fold: The Negative Infinite of Death Countered by Eternal Life

It is easy to understand the incident: a boy slaps and insults his elder and the man, forced by honor and perhaps self-protection, kills the young man (Gen. 4:23-24). Lamech kills the boy for striking him, and promises he will take seventy-seven-fold vengeance should anyone else dare to insult him. If the number is literal, he would kill 490 more rather than suffer the humiliation of unrequited insult. But this is not a limited number or a finite amount, as in Hebrew idiom seventy-times-seven is infinite. We have passed from the realm of quantification into the realm of pure drive. While radical evil, or the presumption the evil is in ontological competition with the good, is clearly a lie, Lamech demonstrates that this lie can be enacted.

Cain needs God to protect him, but Lamech takes up the work of God, even imitating and going beyond God in his own protection: seventy times more than the divine vengeance God promises for Cain. It is divine-like righteous indignation he serves, not God’s, but the obscene superego. As Paul and Freud describe, there is a split in the ego in which the superego is representative of the law, authority, God, but which is taken up into the self. This is not exactly self-worship, as what is served is death-dealing, fearful, shameful, and punishing in the experience. It is the sense in which one never feels adequate, never enough, never complete, and there is continual striving to achieve adequacy, life, fullness of being. This is a result of the self-diminishing superego or unconscious sense of having to gain life through serving the father, the law, or the masochistic orientation to death. It is a drive toward death, not only in murder but in the pursuit of life through death. Honor is gained through revenge, life is established through the power of death. In presuming a divine-like vengeance Lamech would establish justice, he will be justice, and he will spend himself in absolute servitude to the violence that has gripped him. Where Cain feared he would be avenged for Abel’s murder, Lamech is willing to spend his life in service of vengeance, the punishing law he would enact. He would be the law, the punisher, the judge, and the exactor of righteousness. Clearly the realm in which he is keeping account is symbolic, and the law he serves is larger than himself. What will come to be called “the law of sin and death” does not serve life but death. Soon the entire earth will take up and serve the law of Lamech: “Now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and the earth was filled with violence” (Gen. 6:11).

Lamech has assurance and even pride (perhaps religious pride), that he has done what was necessary, so he pens a little poem for his wives explaining his heroism (he has taken two wives, clearly an innovator in the realm of passion). In his poetic flourish he waxes hyperbolic about the impact of the slap, describing it as a “wound.” In the flesh a slap may not amount to much, but in the symbolic world of wounded pride and shame, a slap is a wound to the ego. The boy may as well have severed a limb, as Lamech is wounded spiritually and personally. No matter the age of the boy, as the greater his youth the greater the wound to Lamech’s dignity, and the greater the humiliation if the price of this offence is not exacted. This sort of evil deserves death or annihilation in payment.

Lamech may be describing a double homicide, as he has killed both a man and a boy, but more than likely it is the boys slap, that in his rhetorical flourish has become a wound, and the boy takes on an ominous manliness. This boy-man cannot simply be slapped in return, as the wound to Lamech is greater than the blow to the flesh. It has taken on symbolic weight; thus Lamech’s call for infinite revenge and the immediate death of the boy, signals passage into the symbolic.  The symbolic is the realm of death drive, no longer subject to or explainable by the finite. Something as delimiting as “an eye for an eye” or “a tooth for a tooth” is only for the finite and fleshly, but with Lamech the wound is clearly spiritual. The boy has offended one of divine-like status and for an infinite offense an infinite payment is necessary. The superego is an all-consuming deity, and no hint of wounded pride can go unpunished, and no punishment will ultimately satisfy.

Clearly there is delusion at work in Lamech’s presumption of divine dignity and revenge (the lie of the serpent continues). Gaining God-like status by being interpolated into the law, being the law, enacting justice, is “life” through the law. “Life” is the wrong word, as with the letter of the law, there is an incapacity for dying (a deadness not subject to mortality) taken up in identity through the symbolic order. The imagined self (the ego) is striving for life (dignity, pride, or substance). The struggle of Lamech to eternally revenge his wounded dignity, is on the order of the struggle Paul describes as the self-antagonistic body of death.

 The split objectifies the self, which is the psychological reality of Adam and Eve, in shame seeing themselves through the eyes of another. In the experience of shame, the objectified self is at once alienated (from God and self) and the struggle is pursuit of life (self) in the midst of shame and death. The symbolic, the law, the knowledge of good and evil, or simply language, is the medium of pursuit. Honor and pride, in the case of Lamech, constitute the symbolic (law), or superego (a function and creation of this law) he serves. Though it seems we are dealing in the realm of morality, the entire engagement is one of immorality, antagonism, and aggression. While it is obviously aggression against the other, the boy, it is also an inward violence turned outward (masochism turned outward in sadism). The price of serving this law is a life oriented to death.

As bizarre as the story of Lamech might be, it rings true with human experience of shame, anger, and revenge. While we may not want to own up to it, the story is not unfamiliar. On the other hand, what seems impossible, is Jesus’ counter to the story of Lamech: “Then Peter came and said to Him, ‘Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me and I forgive him? Up to seven times?’ Jesus said to him, ‘I do not say to you, up to seven times, but up to seventy times seven’” (Matt. 18:21-22). Jesus poses the opposite, and seemingly incomprehensible ideal of infinite forgiveness, of forgiving seventy-seven-fold. Combined with his recommendations in the Sermon on the Mount, to love the enemy (Matt. 5:44), to turn the other cheek (Matt. 5:39), to joyfully suffer persecution (Matt. 5:11-12), this all seems highly implausible. The act of turning the other cheek alone, given the history following in the wake of Lamech’s revenge, poses a profound countermeasure to the cycles of revenge.

The two alternative actions arise from two different worlds and experiential resources. The pure evil of Lamech is posed against the pure goodness, grace and mercy of God in Jesus’ account. Lamech’s infinite revenge is a lying form of radical evil (an absolute evil) which experientially is the resource of murder or murderous anger. Jesus counters the infinite negative with the (actually existing) infinite God he incarnates. The lying infinite may seem more within our reach and realm of experience. Lamech’s revenge is more or less normalized in continuous war and violence of the world and inward struggle with pride and shame, while Jesus’ command of infinite forgiveness seems beyond human capacity. Jesus’ infinite forgiveness calls, not on the lying transcendence of the law (which transcends life only in its deadness) but His is a living transcendence and resource. Lamech’s infinite revenge or radical evil, is a lying impossibility but it is a lie that poses itself in our existential experience of unquenchable anger and shame.  What we learn in Christ is that the power of evil can be broken, not by exhausting human effort, but through participation in the divine life.

 As in the Lord’s prayer forgiveness is divine, and to be perfect like the heavenly Father is to forgive as He forgives (Matt. 5:48). Forgiveness is limitless in that it never capitulates to revenge, but also because it is a participation in God’s perfection (Matt. 5:48). God’s love and mercy are boundless and directly counter the negative infinity of evil. God is an infinite resource for goodness made available in Christ, as alien as this goodness may seem: “His divine power has granted to us everything pertaining to life and godliness, through the true knowledge of Him who called us by His own glory and excellence. For by these He has granted to us His precious and magnificent promises, so that by them you may become partakers of the divine nature, having escaped the corruption that is in the world by lust” (2 Pet. 1:3–4). Christ provides the existential and experiential reality of participating in God, restoring the divine image through becoming partakers of the divine nature. In this manner we escape the seemingly infinite lust that consumed Lamech.

Lamech stands at the head of long traditions of manly honor, machismo masculinity, knightly sensibilities, samurai spirit, laying down one’s life in violence, in which blood must be spilt that honor be restored. Jesus poses the opposite, and seemingly incomprehensible ideal, of forgiving seventy-seven-fold and then makes this seeming impossibility a reality through pouring out his life in his disciples.

Missing the Mark Exposed by Christ

Sin is one of the most complicated concepts in the Bible, yet in modern teaching and preaching it is often reduced to breaking a law and legal guilt and then in turn the work of Christ is reduced to getting rid of guilt. The richness of the original context reduced to the judicial or legal, misses the variety of words and concepts in the Hebrew, translated in the Septuagint as “hamartia.” The TDNT notes that the Hebrew poses a special difficulty because the terminology is not exclusively religious or theological, and in fact none of the Hebrew words can be captured in the English word “sin.”[1] It can involve something as slight as a “misdemeanor” or “negligence” or it may mean “to bend,” to “go astray,” to “miss the right point,” to “fail to find what you are seeking,” or it may refer to “those who have lost their way.” There is sometimes only slight or even no moral culpability, so sin cannot automatically be associated with guilt. At other times it may indicate a criminal offense such as murder and is inclusive of guilt.[2] But sin does something other than just cause guilt, as in a strictly legal understanding.

The first usage of hamartia in the Septuagint, is in God’s warning to Cain prior to his slaying of Abel: “sin is crouching at the door; and its desire is for you, but you must master it” (Gen. 4:7). God equates sin with an animate desiring force that can and will gain mastery. Sin, like diabolos (διάβολος), is not a person but a power of “separating.”[3] Sin takes on an animate quality (“crouching,” seeming to speak, lying), in the serpent or the devil and “tries to disrupt the relation between God and man.”[4] Sin or “the satan” (this sub-personal force) causes enmity, and the fact that an angel sent by God is called the adversary or the satan, the one confronting Balaam and the one confronting Joshua the High Priest, indicates it is a force and not a particular personage (Num. 22:32; Zech. 3:1ff).[5] More often sin or the devil is “the one who separates,” “the enemy,” “the calumniator,” “the seducer.”[6] This force is a malicious liar aiming to create enmity and separation from God.

In the fall the serpent points to obtaining knowledge (the tree of knowledge of good and evil) rather than life with God (the tree of life representing God’s presence) and in acting on this lie the first couple are cast out of the garden. The text focuses on the shift in desire, from desiring life with God (the tree of life) to desiring the fruit of the other tree: “When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was desirable to make one wise, she took from its fruit and ate; and she gave also to her husband with her, and he ate” (Gen. 3:6). Adam and Eve in rejecting the model of God become the model: “In the day when God created man, He made him in the likeness of God” (Gen 5:1). “When Adam had lived one hundred and thirty years, he became the father of a son in his own likeness, according to his image” (Gen. 5:3). There are varying degrees of individual moral turpitude in refusal of God (self targeting) but there is a downward inclination from Cain, to Lamech, to the generation of Noah, until humanity is corrupted by violence and separated from God.

The corruption involves a displacement of the divine model, as Cain turns his jealous attention off of God onto Abel, Lamech is filled with revenge and focused on his enemies, and the generation of Noah turn on one another and away from God: “every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually” (Gen. 6:5). The focus off God onto parent, brother or enemy creates an exponential desire in pursuit of an unobtainable goal. “Now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God, and the earth was filled with violence” (Gen. 6:11). The target (indicated in hamartia) that poses itself in sin is a false goal based on a deadly deception, and this understanding, as pictured in Genesis 3, is thematic. The mark or goal is not external to God, but in sin the target is obscured.[7] As Isaiah indicates, “But your iniquities have separated you from your God; your sins have hidden his face from you, so that he will not hear” (Is. 59:2).

Sin is missing the desired mark, but the mark is not only obscured but displaced by what is unachievable, creating exponential desire. In Genesis 3 knowledge which would achieve divinity displaces knowing God (as with Adam and Eve); in Genesis 4 a sacrifice of the brother so as to attain his place of favor is focused on the obstacle (Cain focused on Abel); endless revenge enacted to obtain justice is focused on the enemy (as with Lamech and the generation of Noah). In each instance an obstacle, sin, satan, a lie obscures God. Knowing God, finding favor with God, and enacting justice are worthy goals, obscured and displaced. (As will become clear in the New Testament, the law becomes an obstacle as it becomes the goal and this is the archetypical problem.)

The New Testament clarifies the nature of the deception and the hostility it creates. According to the TDNT, “A complete transformation takes place when the NT uses ἁμαρτία to denote the determination of human nature in hostility to God.”[8] With the coming of Christ culpability comes to bear as the deception and blindness are exposed: “If I had not come and spoken to them, they would not be guilty of sin; but now they have no excuse for their sin” (John 15:21). Jesus exposes the murderous intent of the scribes and Pharisees, not because they are peculiarly bad, but because they are perhaps the best, and what the best would do when confronted with God in Christ is kill him (in a fatal case of mistaken identity?). As Dietrich Bonhoeffer states: “When a human being confronts Jesus[,] the human being must either die or kill Jesus.”[9] The ego or “I” becomes the false goal and Jesus is unambiguous; either the false self, given over to sin dies, or one joins in those who kill the Messiah. As Rowan Williams puts it, in Christ the falsehood is exposed, “so that if we do not accept the mortality and death of our human logos we are going to be complicit in the death of the Word of God.”[10]

In the midst of their plotting to kill Jesus, the leading Jews are deceived about their violence and opposition to God: “If we had been living in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partners with them in shedding the blood of the prophets” (Matt. 23:30). They know their forefathers were deceived but cannot recognize their own delusion, made obvious in their opposition to Jesus: “So you testify against yourselves, that you are sons of those who murdered the prophets. Fill up, then, the measure of the guilt of your fathers” (Matt. 23:31–32). They are deceived killers and Jesus exposes this reality: “Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitewashed tombs which on the outside appear beautiful, but inside they are full of dead men’s bones and all uncleanness” (Matt. 23:27). According to Luke they are like unmarked graves that men unwittingly walk over, and the danger is falling into the deadly trap (Luke 11:44). The corruption is hidden in the façade but the intent is clear in their action.

The history of murder is now revealed, and Jesus’ persecutors are culpable: “upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar” (Matt. 23:35). The image of God obscured by sin is fully revealed in Christ, but due to sin they destroy the true image so as to preserve the false image. As in the parable of the evil winegrowers (Mark 12), they destroy the Son so as to obtain ownership. Israel as a nation is committed to murder and has always been dominated by the same deadly spirit: “the blood of all the prophets, shed since the foundation of the world, may be charged against this generation” (Luke 11:50). Jews are the prime example of the universal problem, as in them is exposed the spirit of murder and violence which would take by force the life that is freely given.

Their intent is exposed with the destruction of the Messiah, which will be followed by the destruction of Israel (Mark 13:2; Luke 19:43-44). The absolute destruction brought on by all-out violence is fulfilled in 70 A.D., but this cataclysmic violence pertains to all nations: “When you hear of wars and rumors of wars, do not be frightened; those things must take place; but that is not yet the end. For nation will rise up against nation, and kingdom against kingdom; there will be earthquakes in various places; there will also be famines. These things are merely the beginning of birth pangs” (Mark 13:7-8). Jesus describes war and violence, not as the instrument of God, but as the culmination of evil. The violence on display against the Messiah and surrounding Jerusalem’s destruction will ultimately infect every level of humanity: “Brother will betray brother to death, and a father his child; and children will rise up against parents and have them put to death” (Mk. 13:12). The end is upon the world as Jesus exposes the nature of violence, marking the beginning of the end. So, when Jesus accuses the scribes and Pharisees of murderous opposition, theirs is a type of the violence which will ultimately infect the world, in its pursuit of life through death.

Judaism and the law do not save from sin but the law (as both means and end) becomes the characteristic obstruction to God. The law becomes the Thing, holding out life, and there is no life in the law. The question that Paul raises in Romans 7:7 has to do with confusing or equating law and sin: “Is the law sin (Rom. 7:7b)?” Sins confusion, trying to obtain life through the law, makes it seem that the problem is with the law but the problem is in confusing the law with the goal. The law is not God, nor the power of God, nor the presence of God. The law does not contain life, but to imagine it does, creates the impossible situation of making the law the goal, which in Paul’s explanation points to the purpose of the law: “The Law came in so that the transgression would increase” (Rom. 5:20).

Paul does not mention the serpent in his commentary on Genesis 3, but identifies its role directly with sin and the law: “sin taking the opportunity through the law . . . produced in me coveting of every kind” (Rom. 7:8); “sin became alive” (7:9); “sin, taking an opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it killed me” (Rom. 7:11). Sin’s deception creates the unobtainable goal, the big Other, the false god, the desirable, and the inherently unobtainable.

In the light of Christ, “the radiance of His glory and the exact representation of His nature” (Heb 1:3) the true image and target (becoming like Him) are a reality. The deception is exposed and there is the possibility of defeating sin: “But encourage one another daily, as long as it is called ‘Today,’ so that none of you may be hardened by sin’s deceitfulness” (Heb. 3:13). Now there is the possibility of recognizing, along with the prodigal son, the broken relationship caused by sin: “I will set out and go back to my father and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you” (Luke 15:18). The son’s prodigal action of abandoning his father becomes clear. The parable illustrates Jesus’ understanding that sin is to betray the Father for a false reality. “It is going out from the father’s house, i.e., godlessness and remoteness from God working itself out in a life in the world with all its desires and its filth. The event achieved through the coming of Jesus is recognition of this sin and conversion to God.”[11] In Christ we recognize the true image of God and we can thus be victorious over the deluding effect of sin, causing us to miss the mark.

Sin as missing the mark or failing to achieve a desired end, reduced to a judicial sense, misses the relational, emotional, and the desiring connotation of the biblical word and context. The judicial understanding imagines that the desired end is in view, and misses the biblical notion that sin deceives through a desire that obscures the goal. There is a broken relationship as the lie of sin directs desire onto an unobtainable object. Eve is focused on the fruit, Cain on his brother, the prodigal son on his inheritance, the older son has his eye on his brother, and the Pharisee is focused on the law. God as goal is obscured, but in Christ the root of sin, the obscuring animate lie, is exposed.

[1] Quell, G., Bertram, G., Stählin, G., & Grundmann, W. (1964–). ἁμαρτάνω, ἁμάρτημα, ἁμαρτία. In G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley, & G. Friedrich (Eds.), Theological dictionary of the New Testament (electronic ed., Vol. 1, p. 269). Eerdmans.

[2] Ibid, 267ff. .

[3] Foerster, W. (1964–). διαβάλλω, διάβολος. In G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley, & G. Friedrich (Eds.), Theological dictionary of the New Testament (electronic ed., Vol. 2, p. 71). Eerdmans.

[4] Ibid, 76. As in the case of the fall, in the case of Noah, Abraham, in the Exodus, in the episode of the golden calf, in the case of David, and throughout the history of Israel.

[5] “The angel of the LORD said to him, ‘Why have you struck your donkey these three times? Behold, I have come out as an adversary, because your way was contrary to me.’”

[6] Ibid, p. 72.

[7] Thanks to Jonathan Totty for this thought.

[8] Ibid, ἁμαρτία, 295. Especially in Jn. in the synon. formulae ἔχειν ἁμαρτίαν (9:41; 15:22, 24; 19:11; 1 Jn. 1:8).

[9] The Bonhoeffer Reader, ed. Clifford J. Green and Michael P. DeJonge, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013) 286. Cited in Rowan Williams, Christ the Heart of Creation (p. 186). Bloomsbury Publishing. Kindle Edition.

[10] Williams, 186.

[11] Ibid, ἁμαρτία, 303.

Universal Nonviolence Through Apocalyptic Beatitudes  

In recent posts I trace the interlocking logic of universal salvation with nonviolence, claiming that salvation is through cosmic peace taken up in the nonviolence of the individual. In this post I pursue this theme in apocalyptic imagery (the universal defeat of the powers and establishment of peace) which must be presumed in practicing the ethic of Christ (constituting salvation). The breaking in of the kingdom of peace in Christ is the enabling telos and vision behind the resistant nonviolence of Jesus’ central ethical teaching. The ethic alone does not contain the compelling vision, while the apocalyptic imagery alone does not account for the peaceful nonviolent participation of the individual. Taken together, there is an interlocking logic of universal peace through nonviolent practice. The imagination captured in the cosmic victory, portrayed in Revelation, is enabled to participate in the victory of peace through following Jesus’ ethic in the Sermon on the Mount.

The Victory of the Slain Lamb in the Life of His Followers

Revelation portrays the slain Lamb (Jesus Christ raised from the dead), as having defeated evil and reigning over the world: “And I saw between the throne (with the four living creatures) and the elders a Lamb standing, as if slain, having seven horns and seven eyes, which are the seven Spirits of God, sent out into all the earth” (Rev. 5:6). The perfection of power in seven horns and the fulfillment of omniscience in seven eyes, indicates that this perfect one is able to open the seven seals and reveal what has been formerly hidden.

It is made clear (in 4:1–8:1) that through Jesus’ death and resurrection the reign of God on the earth is established. This message is delivered to a people being harshly persecuted, and the point is to enable them to endure, by recognizing God’s kingdom established through the victory of Christ, which is also established through their martyrdom (the message of the fifth seal 6:9). In the midst of seeming defeat is a vision of victory. The point of Revelation is how to understand and endure devastation without being defeated by Satan: “And they overcame him because of the blood of the Lamb and because of the word of their testimony, and they did not love their life even when faced with death” (Rev. 12:11). Thus, by means of His death and resurrection and then in their witness, Christians are made a kingdom of priests who reign upon the earth (Rev. 5:10).

The perspective need not depend only on future fulfillment, as it is enacted now: “Now the salvation, and the power, and the kingdom of our God and the authority of His Christ have come, for the accuser of our brethren has been thrown down, he who accuses them before our God day and night” (Rev. 12:10). The dragon, that serpent of old has already been caste down in defeat, due to the testimony and blood of the martyrs and the “blood of the Lamb.” The blood of each represents the defeat of violence through total nonviolence. As Denny Weaver sums up Revelation: “The two sections of the book present different versions of the confrontation, but in both the victory comes through resurrection — the overcoming of violence by restoring life — rather than through greater violence by God to eliminate the world’s violence.”[1] In both the case of Christ and the church there is a confrontation between the reign of God and the reign of Satan, manifest in Rome. In chapter 12, the dragon recognizing his defeat, attempts a final ploy by making war with the woman (the church) and her offspring: “So the dragon was enraged with the woman, and went off to make war with the rest of her children, who keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus” (Rev. 12:17). They are able to hold to the commandments and their testimony because they recognize Satan is already defeated.

The Ethics of the Lamb and His Followers

In Revelation, it is in light of the victory of Christ secured and announced in the resurrection, that a martyr’s ethic is enacted. The Beatitudes in the Sermon on the Mount, encapsulate the new attitudes Christians are to be, in light of Jesus’ defeat of death. The reworked reality enables a new sort of kingdom ethic, which in the Sermon entails an immediate counter to empire (Rome). Turning the other cheek, going the second mile, giving the inner cloak, giving up on oaths, and loving enemies, are strategies for resisting evil without participating in the violence of evil (Matt. 5:38-48). The better translation of verse 39, rather than “do not resist an evildoer” is “do not oppose the wicked man by force” (David Bentley Hart’s translation). The command is not one of nonresistance, but a forbidding of evil resistance. The entire recommendation is one of nonviolent resistance: enduring the slap and turning the cheek means standing one’s ground, going the second mile means putting the Roman soldier in your debt (going beyond what is required and even legal), and offering up the inner garment in court means standing naked (which again involves the shame of the perpetrator). The specifics of Roman law and the Roman situation make each of these a very specific leveraging of nonviolent resistance.

In the beatitudes (Matthew 5:2-12), poverty of spirit, mourning, meekness, hunger and thirst for justice displace, the worlds attitudes of pride, revenge, and injustice. Peacemaking, is the mark of God’s children and this is immediately compounded with “those who have been persecuted for the sake of righteousness,” the mark of kingdom citizens (Matt. 5:10). This is Jesus’ handbook for Christian enactment of universal peace at an individual level. Do and be these things and one is a true follower of Jesus: “a child of God,” enacting heaven on earth, “inheriting both heaven and earth,” finding “satisfaction” in life, and enabled to “see God,” such that the presence of God comes to bear on earth. This is the action and belief behind the prayer, “Your kingdom come, your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven” (Matt. 6:10). As J. Denny Weaver explains, “The reign of God becomes visible in the world when Christians — people identified with and by Jesus Christ — continue to live in Jesus so that the reign of God becomes visible.”[2]

God is with us in Christ (Immanuel) and this reality of God poured out in the particulars of his life, is taken up in the lives of participants in his kingdom. God is Christ-like and the Christian can be like Christ, in imitation and through mutual indwelling. The Christian can enter into Trinitarian relationship, inclusive of the nonviolent practice of Christ’s peace. The character of God is given in Christ, involving concrete attitudes and actions. The nonviolent God revealed in Christ, as with Christ, necessarily involves resistance to the world’s violence, persecution, and the possibility of a violent death, but this is the point. The peace of God is not founded on violence but defeats death and violence, and this is salvation.

Universal Nonviolence

The apocalyptic breaking in of peace into the violence of the world, enacted in Christ and carried forward by his followers, is simultaneously cosmic (universal) and individual (particular), as portrayed in the Sermon on the Mount and the book of Revelation. The world change enacted in Christ defeats death and violence, casting out the ruler of this world, but this cosmic casting out inaugurated by Christ is continued through his followers’ taking up the cross and being the “salt of the earth” and the “light of the world” (Matt. 5:13). The Truth exposing and casting out the father of lies, transforms human imagination about the world and God (the universal) and this shows forth in a kingdom ethic and attitude. In this apocalyptic understanding the followers of Christ begin to live according to the new ethical understanding set forth by Christ’s example and teaching on resistant nonviolence. The weapons of peace do not deal in destruction and death, but are an enactment of heaven on earth, both assuming and bringing about the reality of Christ’s kingdom on earth.

[1] J. Denny Weaver, The Nonviolent God (pp. 45-46). Eerdmans. Kindle Edition.

[2] Weaver, p. 25.

God is not Violent

It is not God’s violence that killed Christ but human violence. This violence is projected onto God (as His will), obscuring who He is, and Christ reveals God through enduring, exposing, and defeating the power that killed Him. The final and full revelation of God in Christ displaces violent notions of God, as not only is Christ nonviolent, but his entire life journey through death and resurrection defeats the weaponization of death, exposing notions of originary violence as the lie of the devil. In Christ God is defeating both this violent image of God and deployment of death as the means to salvation. The power that killed Christ is exposed, and the death-dealing of the world and the ruler of this world are defeated in Christ. “Now judgment is upon this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out. “And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to Myself” (John 12:31-32). Jesus ends the violent hostility by defeating death and making the God of peace known and knowable and thus ending the confusion between God and the devil.

We Know God Through Christ

The revelation given through Christ is not simply propositions about God (though this is not excluded) but a personal knowing, and this knowing stands in contrast to previous forms of knowing. Formerly God was not known in the fullness of his personhood (which also includes an inadequate propositionalism). The former incompleteness is variously described as dealing in “dead works,” “the law of sin and death,” “the body of death,” or “the letter that kills.” Life in Christ is the primary contrast with this former way characterized by death, and this life is characterized by peace, love, hospitality, and nonviolence. In the former system God is not known directly but is partially revealed through the mediation of law, angels, and human messengers, which are variously likened to shadows or subject to an entrapment to “elementary principles” or may give rise to a violent deception. Knowing God in Christ is to pass from death to life (inclusive of all those characteristics and orientations involved in each).

Hebrews: God in Christ Defeats Enslavement to the Fear of Death

The writer of Hebrews contrasts knowing God in Christ with every manner in which God was revealed in the Hebrew Scriptures and religion: “God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, in these last days has spoken to us in His Son, whom He appointed heir of all things, through whom also He made the world. And He is the radiance of His glory and the exact representation of His nature, and upholds all things by the word of His power” (Heb. 1:1–3). Chapter by chapter the writer describes the variety of means used previously  and their inferiority compared to Christ: chapters 3-4: Christ is greater than Moses and the law delivered by angels and not God; chapters 5-7: Jesus is the true High Priest in that he is true mediator and thus perfect representative of God; chapters 8-10: Christ establishes a new relationship or covenant which brings about the life and peace lacking in the temple and its system; chapter 11 describes faithfulness of the Hebrew martyrs in the face of violent death even though they had not received the fullness of Christ; chapter 12 points out that though they may be suffering violent persecution the recipients of this letter have not yet shed any blood (12:4) thus they are experiencing the discipline of the life of faith; chapter 13, Jesus is the author and perfector of faith and thus they are to endure in love and not fear the violent things that might be done to the body.

The author consistently ties in the personhood of Christ, not only with a complete understanding of God but a complete understanding of the world: Christ “upholds all things by the word of His power. When He had made purification of sins, He sat down at the right hand of the Majesty on high” (Heb. 1:3). The character of God revealed in Christ permeates the universe, as he creates and sustains, but also because he perfects and purifies. Though the world of man is given over to violence and persecution of Christ and Christians, we now have direct access to God, behind the veil that previously obstructed access but through Christ has been removed (chapter 10). Jesus has brought peace between God and man, where formerly hostility reigned, and he has established peace within human conscience (9:9-14): “how much more will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered Himself without blemish to God, cleanse your conscience from dead works to serve the living God?” (9:14).

 Though the writer does not explicitly equate the incompleteness of the old covenant with violence, nor the completeness of the new covenant with peace, this is the implicit comparison throughout. The danger is one of perishing in the wilderness like the Israelites rather than entering God’s sabbath rest (chapter 4); there is the danger of clinging to repeated blood sacrifices (dead works which leave one with a troubled conscience) rather than being united with God in the once and for all sacrifice of Christ which leads to a clean conscience (chapter 9); or there is the danger of dealing in death and being ruled by this fear, rather than finding eternal life through Christ’s defeat of death: “Therefore, since the children share in flesh and blood, He Himself likewise also partook of the same, that through death He might render powerless him who had the power of death, that is, the devil, and might free those who through fear of death were subject to slavery all their lives” (2:14-15). Rather than dealing in death, Christ has opened “a new and living way” (Heb. 10:20). In the book of Hebrews Christ fully reveals God and this revelation amounts to the passage from dealing in death (the incomplete, the fearful, the sacrificial, the mediated, the shadows) to dealing in life (peace, rest, sanctification, clean conscience, faithfulness, hope, forgiveness, etc.)

John: God is Revealed in Christ’s Defeat of Violent Death On the Cross

Perhaps the most famous passage equating the revelation of Christ with knowing God is John 1:1-14. This passage identifies Jesus as the Word who “was with God” and who “was God.” He is creator and redeemer: “All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being. In Him was life, and the life was the Light of men” (John 1:3-4). The Word is God in the flesh, revealing the reality of God in and through his divinity and humanity. Throughout his Gospel John identifies Jesus directly with God, assuming the highest name for God (ἐγώ εἰμι, “I am” or YHWH)  in his “I am” statements (e.g., John 8:58: “Before Abraham was, I am.”). He tells Philip, that to see Him is to see the Father : “Have I been so long with you, and yet you have not come to know Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has seen the Father; how can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? “Do you not believe that I am in the Father, and the Father is in Me?” (Jn 14:9–10). Jesus is the full revelation of who God is, and again the two-fold characteristic of this revelation is that Jesus reveals the truth about God and the truth about all of creation.

In his confrontation with “the Jews” Jesus contrasts himself with their understanding: “You are of your father the devil, and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and does not stand in the truth because there is no truth in him. Whenever he speaks a lie, he speaks from his own nature, for he is a liar and the father of lies” (Jn 8:44). The Jews will kill Jesus to protect their understanding of the law and the temple, which certainly points to their failure, but also to the inadequacy of the Jewish system to change their thought world, grounded in violence and death. They speak the native language of their father, a lying murderer, while Jesus is offering the word of life (8:51). There are two streams of meaning or two heads or fathers of language (8:38); the deadly language of the devil and the Living Word of Christ. The law and the temple are not inherently evil, but taken as an end in themselves they are the basis for rejecting the reality about God revealed in Christ.

In their understanding they would kill Jesus to save their religion, and Jesus would rescue them from their entrapment to violence. Those who “continue in” or do the word of Jesus “will know the truth, and the truth will make you free” (John 8:31-32). They could be free from sin, which in the context pertains directly to killing Jesus, but their attachment to the law as an end in itself leaves no room for the Truth: “you seek to kill Me, because My word has no place in you” (8:37). They are committed to killing Jesus due to their understanding that Abraham is their father, and Jesus explains they have confused their paternity: “They answered and said to Him, ‘Abraham is our father.’ Jesus said to them, ‘If you are Abraham’s children, do the deeds of Abraham. But as it is, you are seeking to kill Me, a man who has told you the truth, which I heard from God; this Abraham did not do. You are doing the deeds of your father” (John 8:39-41). They think they know God, and in killing Jesus they imagine they are doing the works of their father, but Jesus suggests they do not know God at all: “Jesus said to them, “If God were your Father, you would love Me, for I proceeded forth and have come from God, for I have not even come on My own initiative, but He sent Me” (John 8:42).

The mistake to be avoided is to imagine this misrecognition is a peculiarly Jewish problem. The Jews are representative of humanity, and their problem is the human problem. All people are captive to the violence (the murderous devil) that gives rise to the cross, and at the cross Christ exposes the lie behind the universal violence, and shows who God really is: “Now judgment is upon this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out. “And I, if I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to Myself” (John 12:31-32). The ruler of this world rules through the sort of violence that put Jesus on the cross. This should be Satan’s triumphal moment, as he has accomplished the end goal of his work throughout history. He has enslaved the nations to the death dealing lie that puts Christ on the cross, but the lie behind violent killing is exposed and the fear of death is defeated.

In John 3, Jesus explains to Nicodemus, who seems to represent the Jew veiled from understanding the Scriptures (he has no concept of being “born again”, a theme of the Hebrew Scriptures) and in Jesus estimate he seems incapable of receiving things of the Spirit (3:6,11,12). Here too it is the being “lifted up” that unveils the truth of Moses in Jesus: “As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up; so that whoever believes will in Him have eternal life” (3:14-15). The sting of death warded off by the upraised serpent of Moses is fulfilled in Jesus destroying the work of the devil on the cross. “Now judgment is upon this world; now the ruler of this world will be cast out” (John 12:31). Sin and the devil rule through death, but God has decommissioned the singular weapon in the devil’s arsenal.

It is the “lifting up” which reveals Jesus’ identity as the “I am” (YHWH): “So Jesus said, ‘When you lift up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am He’” (John 8:28). Here is the realization of Isaiah, that through the “lifted up” servant “you may know and believe that I AM” (Isa. 43:10; 52:13). The universal appeal of the gospel is found in the death of Christ, as it is in his violent death that violence and death are defeated. Universal violence is overcome in the cross, as the peace of God in Christ defeats the violence of the world through the final and full revelation of the peace of God. As J. Denny Weaver writes, “God’s overcoming of death puts on sharp display the contrast between God’s modus operandi and that of the forces of evil. Whereas the forces of evil employ death-dealing as the solution to their supposed problems, God’s answer and response is the overcoming of death, the restoration of life. God saves, not by taking life but by restoring life.”[1]

Universal Salvation Through Peace

The claim that God is not violent is strangely controversial, though this understanding is at the very heart of the gospel. It is the orthodox understanding of the Trinity, and part of a theological commonplace that the persons of the Trinity share the essential divine characteristics such as peace. The nonviolence of God is tied to salvation as incorporation into the universal peace of God realized in Christ (see my previous blog here dealing with Paul’s epistles), in that universal peace also speaks of an originary peace in God (the very definition of universal peace). Neither God nor the universe are built upon an originary violence in which peace is a by-product of violence (peace through war, harmony through an original disharmony, unity as obliteration of the other, divine satisfaction through violence and death, etc.). God’s capacity to extend and incorporate into his peace through the Trinity, through creation, and through redemption, is the reality revealed in Christ. The peace of God revealed in the cross (inclusive of the life, death and resurrection of Christ) means we know God in and through the peace he gives in giving himself. We know God most completely through Christ, who is the very image of God, and the peace of God revealed and realized through Christ is the gospel.

Conclusion

A “gospel” focused on God’s violence as that which killed Christ misses the gospel. Violence projected onto God obscures God as God is the very definition of peace, and Christ reveals God through enduring, exposing, and defeating the reign of death and restoring the peace of God. The final and full revelation of God in Christ displaces violent notions of God and the seeming necessity of the war within and without, as not only is Christ nonviolent, but his entire life journey through death and resurrection defeats the cudgel of death constituting evil. In Christ God defeats evil and the confusion between the devil (in the violent image of God) and the Father of the Prince of Peace. The power that killed Christ is exposed, and the death-dealing of the world is defeated in the peace that passes understanding. Jesus ends the violent hostility by defeating death and making the God of peace known and knowable.

[1] J. Denny Weaver, The Nonviolent God (pp. 32-33). Eerdmans. Kindle Edition.

The Interlocking Necessity of Universalism and Nonviolence

The nature of violence is division within and without. Warfare is by definition divided, antagonistic, and set for one side to be destroyed. Peace through war is the contradiction that lies behind all warfare. The reign of death is the violent, fearful, grasping, utilizing death to gain life (as in the story of Cain and Abel, the first use of the term sin, Gen. 4:7). Paul’s picture in both Corinthians and Romans is that sin reigns in and through death, with death giving rise to sin. His point is not merely that sin results in death, as in the sin of Adam, but that the spread of death has meant the spread of sin (as witnessed in the sin of Cain, then Lamech, then the generation of Noah, and the ongoing history of a world at war), as sin is what people would do to save themselves from and through death (the death of the other). Sin’s struggle, in Paul’s explanation (Rom. 4, 6, 7) is a violent struggle for existence in the face of the reality of death. There is a hostility toward others and God which is connected to every form of evil (Col 1:21; Rom. 8:7-8). The violent division between people utilizing murder, war, borders, walls, antagonism, punishment, delimitation, exclusion, is the human attempt to violently utilize and control death. Paul refers to it as the “wall of hostility”: the division between Jew and Gentile, slave and free, male and female, which are characteristic forms of the infectious violence (Eph. 2:14; Gal. 3:28). Evil, violence, murder, war, suicide, genocide, and deicide describe the hostility definitive of the world. Universal salvation must entail the universal deliverance from death and violence.

Universal or complete peace, at the cosmic and individual level, is the predominant picture of salvation in the New Testament (e.g., 1 Cor. 15:22; Rom. 5:18; 2 Thess. 3:16; Isaiah 26:3; Eph. 2:14; Col. 1:19-20, 3:15). There is an interlocking logic and necessity between the all-inclusive nature of the gospel of peace (its universal import – for all), and the universal realization of the peace of Christ (in and through all, Col. 1:19-20). The universality of the one entails the all-inclusive aspect of the other. All creation must be brought into the peace of Christ and everything within or about the individual and existence must be incorporated into this peace. The “all in all” (I Cor. 15:28; Rom 11:36) of Christian peace is necessarily universal in this double sense. Partial peace, with a remainder of violence, death, or division is not the absolute peace of Christ. It cannot be as Aquinas and others imagined, that those in heaven could delight in watching their loved ones burn in hell. For the individual to find peace, there must be an all-inclusive cosmic peace for there to be an all-inclusive inner peace. Thus, salvation as universal peace means a total abolishment of violence between and within people and powers. Salvation from death and violence cannot be partial, only for some, or parts of some (e.g., their soul) or only for some things. If some part of the cosmic or individual is not included there is division that disrupts at every level. For peace to reign, there cannot be the continuation of either mega or micro violence as the universal is tied to the particular and the particular is tied to the universal.

Universal however, also applies in the negative sense throughout. There is a universal problem, inclusive of all people and extending to the cosmos.  “For as in Adam all die” and “death reigns in the world” (1 Cor. 15:22; Rom. 8:20-21). Again, the negative universal is inclusive of the cosmic and particular. The universality of death extends to all people and to everything about each. To be dead in sin (Eph. 2:1) is an action (“the law of sin and death,” Rom. 8:2) instituted in a misorientation to life, death, and the law. Death is both a practice and orientation, which is not so much about mortality as an active dying. The “law of sin and death” is not primarily about either law or death, but an orientation to the law that is deadly. A way of characterizing this law is in its divisive violence.

In a catena of quotes (from the law) which apply in their original context to Jews and sometimes to their enemies, Paul weaves together a picture of sin in which the organs of speech, due to taking up a deadly lie, function as a grave and entrap and poison, leading to bloodshed and violence (Rom. 3:10-18). Nothing or emptiness seem to have been taken up into the organs of speech, to become there a grave or a sarcophagus. Throughout the list the organs of speech deal in death: “Their throats are open graves; their tongues practice deceit” (3:13 quoting Ps. 5.9). David, in this Psalm, compares two kinds of speech, as they orient one, either to God’s presence or his absence. The lie of sin deals in death even among those who have been entrusted with the oracles of God (3:2). Violence and death reign, having taken root in the inner man.

The divide among people applies as well to the warring divide within the individual. The war of the mind would also destroy itself to gain peace: “for sin, taking an opportunity through the commandment, deceived me and through it killed me. . . I am of flesh, sold into bondage to sin. For what I am doing, I do not understand; for I am not practicing what I would like to do, but I am doing the very thing I hate” (Rom. 7:11, 14,15). Paul characterizes the self-antagonism of sin as “the law of sin and death and “the body of death” crying out at the end of the chapter: “Wretched man that I am! Who will set me free from the body of this death?” (Rom. 7:24). The recognition that death accounts for the universal human sickness at its root in the inward self (death drive, Thanatos, masochism, etc.) locates this universal sickness within the individual, so that the cosmic cure must begin here. In its universality the peace of Christ is the resolution to psychological violence that is the seed of every form of violence.

If sin and death are a violent struggle for life, resulting in death, then the gift of life, as in Paul’s depiction, is the universal resolution to the problem: “For since by a man came death, by a man also came the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive” (I Cor. 15:21-22). The universal problem is universally resolved, and this resolution pertains not only to all people but to the cosmos: “For God was pleased to have all his fulness dwell in him, and through him to reconcile to himself all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven, by making peace through his blood, shed on the cross” (Col. 1:19-20). Peace is the breaking down of the universal wall of hostility (Eph. 2:14). The wall of separation between Jews and Gentiles is the characteristic form of hostility undone in the peace of Christ: “there is no distinction between Greek and Jew, circumcised and uncircumcised, barbarian, Scythian, slave and freeman, but Christ is all, and in all” (Col. 3:11). “For He Himself is our peace, who made both groups into one and broke down the barrier of the dividing wall” (Eph. 2:14). Christ’s peace, resolves the enmity, in and through himself, extended to all people and then to the cosmos: He abolished “in His flesh the enmity . . . so that in Himself He might make the two into one new man, thus establishing peace, and might reconcile them both in one body to God through the cross, by it having put to death the enmity. And He came and preached peace to you who were far away, and peace to those who were near; for through Him we both have our access in one Spirit to the Father” (Eph. 2:15–18). Universal salvation through defeat of violent antagonism and putting on the peace of Christ are a singular move. The warring factions between Jews and Gentiles, slave and free, male and female, or any other antagonistic dualism in heaven and earth (Col. 1:19-20) are finished in the peace of Christ, inclusive of the inner depths of the individual.

The resolution to the deadly struggle is found in Christ: “Therefore there is now no condemnation for those who are in Christ Jesus. For the law of the Spirit of life in Christ Jesus has set you free from the law of sin and of death” (Rom. 8:1–2). The holistic peace of Christ is universal in its penetration of the mind and body of the individual: “For those who are according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh, but those who are according to the Spirit, the things of the Spirit. For the mind set on the flesh is death, but the mind set on the Spirit is life and peace, because the mind set on the flesh is hostile toward God; for it does not subject itself to the law of God, for it is not even able to do so, and those who are in the flesh cannot please God” (Rom. 8:5-8). The inward hostility, in which the mind and body seem to be obeying separate laws, is overcome through the unifying work of the Spirit.

Once again, Paul connects the inner depth of peace within, with cosmic peace: “the creation itself also will be set free from its slavery to corruption into the freedom of the glory of the children of God. For we know that the whole creation groans and suffers the pains of childbirth together until now” (Rom. 8:21–22). The new birth of the individual, involves the same suffering futility and corruption imposed on the universe, and so too the new birth is inclusive of cosmic peace and reconciliation. The creation and all that is within it is being set free from violent, alienating, futility, and this universal release from death and violence is the “all in all” peace of Christ. Universal salvation is by definition the telos of a peace that dispenses with all violence.

Two of the most neglected and perhaps reviled doctrines stand at the very center of the gospel: salvation for all in the peaceable nonviolence of Christ.